Yes, it is possible to get breast cancer during pregnancy. Pregnancy brings many changes to the breasts—lumps, tenderness, and swelling—which can make spotting cancer difficult.
This guide explains pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC), its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and effects on both mother and baby, providing expert-backed information to help you take the right steps with confidence.
Author
Dr. Jay Anam
Breast Cancer Surgeon and Oncoplasty specialist in Mumbai
What is Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (PABC)?
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer, or PABC, is breast cancer that is diagnosed during pregnancy, in the first year after childbirth, or anytime while you are breastfeeding.
While it is not very common, it is the most frequent type of cancer found during this period.
It’s estimated that PABC affects about 1 in every 3,000 pregnant women. The hormonal environment of pregnancy can sometimes encourage cancer cells to grow faster, which makes early detection and management crucial.
Does Pregnancy Cause Breast Cancer?
No, pregnancy itself does not cause breast cancer.This is a common misconception. However, the high levels of hormones like estrogen and progesterone that support your pregnancy can potentially speed up the growth of pre-existing, undiagnosed cancer cells.
Furthermore, the natural changes in your breasts can make it difficult to detect lumps. The increased density and nodularity can easily mask a small, suspicious mass, often leading to a delayed diagnosis.
What are the Symptoms of Breast Cancer During Pregnancy?
The symptoms of breast cancer during pregnancy are the same as those in non-pregnant women. However, they can be easily mistaken for normal pregnancy-related breast changes. It is vital to pay attention to any new or unusual changes.
Key Symptoms to Watch For:
- A new lump or mass: The most common sign is a painless, hard lump with irregular edges.
- Swelling: Part of or all of the breast may swell, even if no distinct lump is felt.
- Skin changes: You might notice skin dimpling (like an orange peel), redness, or scaling on the breast or nipple.
- Nipple changes: This includes nipple retraction (turning inward), pain, or any discharge other than milk (like blood).
- Swollen lymph nodes: Lumps under your arm or around your collarbone could indicate the cancer has spread.
Since your breasts will naturally feel different, the key is to look for changes that are persistent or different from the general tenderness and swelling of pregnancy. A self-exam is useful, but professional evaluation is essential if you notice anything worrying.
How is Breast Cancer Diagnosed During Pregnancy?
If you or your breast doctor find a suspicious lump, the diagnostic process needs to be safe for your developing baby. Fortunately, several methods can be used without harming the foetus.
Safe Diagnostic Procedures
- Physical Exam: Your doctor will first conduct a thorough clinical breast exam to assess the lump’s size, texture, and mobility.
- Ultrasound: This is the preferred first imaging test during pregnancy. It uses sound waves, not radiation, to create an image of the breast tissue and can clearly distinguish between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst.
- Mammogram: If an ultrasound shows a suspicious solid mass, a mammogram may be necessary. The risk of radiation to the baby is very low, as the beam is focused on the breast and your abdomen is shielded with a lead apron.
- Biopsy: A biopsy is the only way to confirm a cancer diagnosis. A small sample of the suspicious tissue is removed with a needle and examined under a microscope. This procedure is safe to perform during pregnancy.
⇒Tests to Avoid:
Certain imaging tests that use contrast dye or significant radiation, such as PET scans and bone scans, are generally avoided during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary. An MRI without contrast dye might be considered in specific situations.
Can You Treat Breast Cancer While Pregnant?
Yes, treating breast cancer during pregnancy is possible, and the goal is always twofold: to effectively treat the cancer for the mother while ensuring the safety of the baby. The treatment plan is carefully tailored by a multidisciplinary team, including an oncologist, a surgeon, and an obstetrician.
The type and timing of treatment depend heavily on several factors:
- The stage and type of the cancer.
- The size of the tumour.
- The trimester of the pregnancy.
- The patient’s overall health and preferences.
⇒Treatment Options by Trimester
|
Treatment |
First Trimester |
Second Trimester |
Third Trimester |
|
Surgery |
Generally safe. Mastectomy is often preferred over lumpectomy to avoid the need for radiation therapy. |
Safe. |
Safe. |
|
Chemotherapy |
Avoided, as it can harm the developing foetus and increase the risk of miscarriage. |
Can be given safely. The placenta acts as a barrier, protecting the baby from most of the drugs. |
Can be given, but usually stopped 3-4 weeks before the expected delivery date. |
|
Radiation |
Avoided. High doses of radiation can be harmful to the baby. |
Avoided. |
Avoided. Usually postponed until after delivery. |
|
Hormone Therapy |
Not used during pregnancy as it can affect the baby’s development. |
Not used. |
Not used. Postponed until after delivery. |
|
Targeted Therapy |
Not used during pregnancy due to potential harm to the baby. |
Not used. |
Not used. Postponed until after delivery. |
Will Treatment Affect My Baby?
This is often the biggest fear for expectant mothers. Modern treatment protocols are designed to minimise risks to the baby.
- Surgery: General anaesthesia carries a small risk, but it is considered safe during pregnancy.
- Chemotherapy: When given in the second or third trimester, the risk of birth defects is not significantly higher than in the general population. However, it can lead to low birth weight or premature delivery.
- Delivery: Your doctor may recommend inducing labour a few weeks early to allow you to start or complete treatments like radiation after the baby is born. A Caesarean section is not usually required unless for obstetric reasons.
Can I Breastfeed with Breast Cancer?
Whether you can breastfeed depends on your specific situation.
- After surgery: You can often breastfeed from the unaffected breast.
- During chemotherapy: Breastfeeding is not recommended, as the drugs can pass into breast milk and harm your baby.
- After radiation: The treated breast may produce less milk or no milk at all, but you can usually feed from the other breast.
If you are diagnosed with PABC, it is important to discuss your desire to breastfeed with your medical team. They can provide guidance based on your treatment plan.
Key Takeaways
- Pregnancy does not cause breast cancer, but the hormonal changes can make pre-existing cancer grow faster.
- Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within one year of delivery. It affects about 1 in 3,000 women.
- The symptoms are the same as in non-pregnant women, but normal breast changes can mask them. Persistent lumps, skin changes, or nipple discharge need immediate medical attention.
- Diagnosis is safe during pregnancy using ultrasounds, shielded mammograms, and biopsies.
- Treatment is possible and tailored to protect the baby. Surgery is safe throughout pregnancy, while chemotherapy is generally safe in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Radiation and hormone therapy are postponed until after delivery.
- It is crucial to work with a multidisciplinary medical team to create the best treatment plan for you and your baby.
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About Author
Dr. Jay Rashmi Anam
Surgical Oncologists
15+
Year Of Experience
MMC- 2006031309 (2006)
Dr. Jay Anam is one of the best surgical oncologists & breast cancer specialist in Mumbai.
Dr. Jay Anam has Completed his M.Ch. Surgical Oncology training from Tata Memorial Centre. He did his Fellowship in Breast Oncology from Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France.
As a breast cancer specialist, he believes in world-class cancer care for all patients.
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Facing breast cancer surgery is a brave step, and we know the recovery process may feel overwhelming at times. One aspect of recovery many patients encounter is managing surgical drains.
While these medical devices play a crucial role in your healing, they can be intimidating at first. But don’t worry. With the right knowledge and tools, you can manage them confidently and focus on feeling better.
This guide is here to walk patients and caregivers through every step of drain care—from the basics to troubleshooting to emotional support. By the end, you'll feel prepared to tackle this part of your recovery with ease.
Author
Dr. Jay Anam
Breast Cancer Surgeon and Oncoplasty specialist in Mumbai
Introduction
Why are surgical drains important after breast cancer surgery? These small, plastic tubes help remove excess fluids that can build up in your body as you heal. Getting rid of this fluid reduces swelling, prevents complications like infections, and helps your body recover faster.
We’ll cover everything you need to know, including how to empty and clean your drains, spot signs of infection, manage discomfort, and return to daily life with confidence.
Understanding Surgical Drains
To start, it’s helpful to understand what surgical drains are and why they’re used.
What Are Surgical Drains and Why Are They Necessary?
After surgery, your body produces fluid as part of its natural healing process. Sometimes, this fluid needs help draining so it won’t pool under the skin. That's where surgical drains come in.
Types of Drains
There are a few kinds of surgical drains commonly used:
- Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain – Often shaped like a small bulb, this popular option collects fluid that you can measure and empty.
- Hemovac drain – A slightly larger round container, often used for higher drainage needs.
Your surgeon will determine the best type for you based on your surgery.
How Long Will They Stay in Place?
The timeline varies. Most patients have their drains for 7 to 14 days, but it depends on how much fluid they produce. Don’t worry; your doctor will remove them once output slows down.
Step-by-Step Drain Care Guide
Drain care is manageable if broken down into steps. Let's cover the essentials.
How to Empty the Drain Properly
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap before touching the drain.
- Unplug the bulb or container, holding it upright.
- Carefully pour the fluid into a measuring cup.
- Record the amount and time in a log to share with your doctor.
- Squeeze the bulb to reset the suction before plugging it back in.
💡 Tip: Empty the drains 2-3 times a day, or whenever they’re about half full.
Cleaning & Infection Prevention
- Gently clean around the drain site with soap and water or antibacterial wipes. Avoid tugging or rubbing the area.
- Watch for signs of infection, such as:
- Redness or swelling around the site
- Fever above 100.4°F
- Foul odor or colored drainage
If you notice these, call your doctor.
Best Sleeping Positions
Finding a comfortable position can be tricky. Try:
- Sleeping on your back with pillows under your arms for support.
- If you’re a side sleeper, place a small cushion around the drains for padding and avoid putting pressure on them.
💡 Tip: A drain-friendly post-surgery pillow with built-in pockets can make rest easier.
Showering & Hygiene Tips
Ask your surgeon if showers are allowed. If so:
- Cover your drains with a waterproof dressing or use a surgical drain belt.
- Limit water exposure to avoid infections.
If showering isn’t an option, stick to sponge baths until your doctor gives the green light.
Recognizing and Managing Complications
Sometimes, issues arise. Here’s what to keep an eye on:
When to Call Your Doctor
- Drainage suddenly increases or stops altogether
- Severe pain or swelling
- Fever or signs of infection
Dealing with a Clogged Drain
A frequent issue is a clogged drain. If you notice reduced suction:
- Milk the tube by gently squeezing it to dislodge the blockage.
- If this doesn’t help, notify your healthcare provider promptly.
Signs of Seroma (Fluid Buildup)
Once drains are removed, some patients develop a seroma. Symptoms include swelling, tenderness, or a feeling of liquid under the skin. While many seromas go away on their own, consult your doctor for advice.
Pain & Discomfort Management
-
Pain is part of recovery, but you don’t have to suffer unnecessarily.
Medication vs. Non-Drug Relief
- Use prescribed painkillers as directed.
- Non-medical options, like a cold compress or heating pad (with your doctor’s approval), can help with aches and stiffness.
Gentle Exercises
Simple arm stretches or shoulder rolls can prevent tightness, but avoid anything strenuous. A physical therapist can provide guidance.
Relaxation Techniques
Practice deep breathing or try mindfulness exercises to cope with discomfort.
Diet & Nutrition for Faster Healing
Fueling your body helps tissues heal faster. Focus on:
- Protein-rich foods, like lean meats, tofu, beans, and eggs.
- Anti-inflammatory options, like berries, leafy greens, and nuts.
- Drink plenty of water every day.
- Consider supplements, like zinc or vitamin C, but check with your doctor first.
Physical Activity & Movement Guidelines
Movement helps, but balance is key:
- Begin with light stretches or short walks to prevent stiffness.
- Avoid lifting anything heavier than a few pounds in the first week.
- Your doctor will guide you on when you can resume driving or house chores.
💡 Tip: Use a supportive bra to minimize any strain during recovery.
Emotional & Psychological Support
Caring for drains can feel isolating. It’s okay to have mixed emotions.
Coping with Anxiety
Deep breathing, journaling, or talking to a friend can help manage stress.
Find Support Groups
Connect with others who’ve been in your shoes. Online breast cancer recovery forums or local groups can make you feel less alone.
Mental Health Resources
Don’t hesitate to reach out to a counselor or therapist to process emotions during your recovery.
Emotional & Psychological Support
Caring for drains can feel isolating. It’s okay to have mixed emotions.
Coping with Anxiety
Deep breathing, journaling, or talking to a friend can help manage stress.
Find Support Groups
Connect with others who’ve been in your shoes. Online breast cancer recovery forums or local groups can make you feel less alone.
Mental Health Resources
Don’t hesitate to reach out to a counselor or therapist to process emotions during your recovery.